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Conduction heat transfer occurs because heat energy excites the molecules of a material and always flows in the direction of hot to cold (following the path of least resistance).

In the winter, when your home is hotter than the cold outside, the warm inside air excites the molecules of the inside surfaces of walls, ceilings, and floors.

The excited surface molecules transfer some of their "excitement" to the molecules next to them that are further towards the outside where it is colder.

This process continues as the heat energy escapes, even to the point where it warms the outside air a little.