1 Future Cities Canada and Open North. (October 2018). Getting to the Open Smart City Discussion Paper. Accessed at https://futurecitiescanada.ca/downloads/2018/Getting_to_Open_Smart_City.pdf
2 102 of the 130 applications were reviewed as not all were accessible. Some of the applications were in French, while others were not available. This database belongs to Professor Pamela Robinson, School of Urban and Regional Planning, Ryerson University and it was assembled to support research on Round One of the SCC.
3 Tomalty, Ray. (October 2017). A Systems Approach to Urban Innovation. Future Cities Canada. Accessed at https://futurecitiescanada.ca/downloads/2018/FCC_Innovation_201808.pdf
4 Ibid
5 Ibid
6 Iles, Joe. (September 2017). Get Up to Speed on Circular Economies. Accessed at https://circulatenews.org/2017 /09/get-up-to-speedon-circular-cities/
7 Ibid
8 Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (August 2017). Cities in the Circular Economy: An Initial Exploration. Accessed at https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/cities-in-the-circular-economy-an-initial-exploration
9 Van Ham, Chantal. (January 2018). In the Spirit of Nature, Everything is Connected. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Accessed at https://www.iucn.org/news/europe/201801/ spirit-nature-everything-connected
10 City of Toronto. (2019). Working Towards a Circular Economy. Accessed at https://www.toronto.ca/services-payments/recycling-organics-garbage/long-term-waste-strategy/working-toward-a-circular-economy/
11 Sukhdev, A. et al. (n.d.). Cities in the Circular Economy: The Role of Digital Technology. Google & the Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Accessed at: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/ downloads/Cities-in-the-Circular-Economy-The-Role-of-DigitalTech.pdf
12 Van Ham, Chantal. (January 2018). In the Spirit of Nature, Everything is Connected. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Accessed at https://www.iucn.org/news/europe/201801/ spirit-nature-everything-connected
13 United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP). (2011). Climate Change Press Release. Accessed at https://www.unenvironment. org/news-and-stories/press-release/resource-use-expected-double-2050-better-natural-resource-use
14 Prendeville, S. et al. (2018). Circular Cities: Mapping Six Cities in Transition. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. Issue 26. Accessed at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S2210422416300788
15 Van Ham, Chantal. (January 2018). In the Spirit of Nature, Everything is Connected. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Accessed at https://www.iucn.org/news/europe/201801/ spirit-nature-everything-connected
16 Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2017). What is a Circular Economy? Accessed at https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy/concept
17 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/02/companies-leading-way-to-circular-economy/
18 Ibid
19 Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2017). What is a Circular Economy? Accessed at https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy/concept
20 Ramkumar, Shyaam. (December, 2017). The Fourth Industrial Revolution and the Circular Economy. Circulate News. Accessed at https://circulatenews.org/2017/12/fourth-industrial-revolution-circular-economy/
21 Prendeville, S. et al. (2018). Circular Cities: Mapping Six Cities in Transition. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. Issue 26. Accessed at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S2210422416300788
22 Cosgrove, E. et al. (March 2013). Living Labs, Innovation Districts and Information Marketplaces: A Systems Approach to Smart Cities. Procedia Computer Science. Issue 16, pp. 668-677. Accessed through Science Direct at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S1877050913000719
23 Ibid
24 Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (March 2019). City Governments and their Role in Enabling a Circular Economy Transition. Accessed at https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/ CEin-Cities_Policy-Levers_ Mar19.pdf
25 Ibid
26 Ibid
28 Conference Board of Canada. (2015). Waste Generation: Provincial and Territorial Ranking. Accessed at: https://www.conferenceboard. ca/hcp/provincial/environment/waste.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1
29 Francine Kopun. (February 2018). The Toronto Star. Accessed at: https://www.thestar.com/business/2018/02/07/traffic-congestioncosts-average-gta-household-125-a-year-report-says.html
30 International Institute for Sustainable Development. (June 2017). Costs of Pollution in Canada. Accessed at: https://www.iisd.org/sites/ default/files/publications/costs-of-pollution-in-canada.pdf
31 Ibid
32 Prendeville, S. et al. (2018). Circular Cities: Mapping Six Cities in Transition. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. Issue 26. Accessed at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/ S2210422416300788
33 Ibid
34 Ibid
35 Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (June 2015). Delivering the Circular Economy: A Toolkit for Policymakers. Accessed at https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/delivering-the-circular-economy-a-toolkit-for-policymaker
36 Prendeville, S. et al. (2018). Circular Cities: Mapping Six Cities in Transition. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. Issue 26. Accessed at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S2210422416300788
37 Baker-Brown, Duncan. (2017). The Re-Use Atlas: A Designer's Guide Towards A Circular Economy. RIBA Publishing.
38 Ibid
39 Garrigou, Anne-Sophie. (April 2017). Understanding the Principles of the Circular Economy with Alexandre Lemille. The Beam. Accessed at https://medium.com/thebeammagazine/understanding-the-principles-of-the-circular- economy-with-alexandre-lemille-86e0c5076eb1
40 Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (June 2015). Delivering the Circular Economy: A Toolkit for Policymakers. Accessed at https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/delivering-the-circular-economy-a-toolkit-for-policymakers
41 Ibid
42 Ibid