As stated previously, civil trials in New Brunswick are almost always heard by a single judge of the Court of Queen's Bench. If the action falls within the few enumerated exceptions, which justify the participation of a jury, the jury panel will consist of seven members of the public, summoned by the Sheriff following direction of the judge who confirmed the trial date. Following trial, if a party chooses to appeal the trial decision, it may issue and file with the New Brunswick Court of Appeal, usually within 30 days of the lower court decision, a 'Notice of Appeal'. Appeals are then heard, usually by a panel of three judges of the New Brunswick Court of Appeal, situated in the Provincial Capital City of Fredericton.